Illustration showing the relationship between plant species richness and elevation across three Himalayan sites and their combined pattern. The top panel depicts a stylized mountain range labeled with a legend for “Mid-Domain Effect” (gray dashed line) and “Species Richness” (solid blue line). Below, four small plots display species richness versus elevation for: (1) Morni Hills (300–1500 m, yellow), showing a unimodal increase and decline in richness; (2) Chail Wildlife Sanctuary (900–2100 m, green), showing a similar mid-elevation peak; (3) Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary (1600–3600 m, pink), showing a gradual decline with elevation; and (4) all sites combined (300–3600 m, blue), showing a pronounced hump-shaped richness pattern centered at mid-elevations. The gray dashed curves represent predicted richness from the mid-domain effect, with shaded confidence bands.

Illustration showing the relationship between plant species richness and elevation across three Himalayan sites and their combined pattern. The top panel depicts a stylized mountain range labeled with a legend for “Mid-Domain Effect” (gray dashed line) and “Species Richness” (solid blue line). Below, four small plots display species richness versus elevation for: (1) Morni Hills (300–1500 m, yellow), showing a unimodal increase and decline in richness; (2) Chail Wildlife Sanctuary (900–2100 m, green), showing a similar mid-elevation peak; (3) Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary (1600–3600 m, pink), showing a gradual decline with elevation; and (4) all sites combined (300–3600 m, blue), showing a pronounced hump-shaped richness pattern centered at mid-elevations. The gray dashed curves represent predicted richness from the mid-domain effect, with shaded confidence bands.