Strongest lever for change? Policy mandates with hard deadlines.
Ban petrol car sales by [date]. Require heat pumps over gas boilers. Phase out fossil fuel subsidies.
Clear signals coordinate investment, R&D, and entire supply chains instantly. Much faster than waiting for markets alone.
Social tipping matters too: visible, copied behaviours like cycling, plant-rich diets, and community-led restoration. When normal shifts, systems shift.