Police are trained to break a window only in specific circumstances, such as if the driver is armed or there is a medical emergency, said Alpert. In footage from the four cases closely reviewed by the Journal, none of the drivers had firearms, but DHS insists they were still dangerous.
Obstructing a moving vehicle 

In at least three of the shootings, officers pursued a vehicle on foot. Footage also shows officers moving into the potential path of the vehicle or clinging on to it while it moved. 

“It’s like policing 101. Don’t get in front of a car or in their potential pathway, especially if the engine is running,” said Jon Blum, a former North Carolina officer who now develops police training curricula.
Police are trained to break a window only in specific circumstances, such as if the driver is armed or there is a medical emergency, said Alpert. In footage from the four cases closely reviewed by the Journal, none of the drivers had firearms, but DHS insists they were still dangerous. Obstructing a moving vehicle In at least three of the shootings, officers pursued a vehicle on foot. Footage also shows officers moving into the potential path of the vehicle or clinging on to it while it moved. “It’s like policing 101. Don’t get in front of a car or in their potential pathway, especially if the engine is running,” said Jon Blum, a former North Carolina officer who now develops police training curricula.
Footage from the shootings also shows officers approaching civilian vehicles with their engines still running—a situation police are trained to avoid. According to Kerlikowske, such training is designed to keep officers out of harm’s way.

Grabbing a car door or breaking a window are considered “intrusive actions” that can escalate the moment and create resistance from a suspect, said University of South Carolina law professor and former Tallahassee Police Department officer Seth Stoughton.    

Videos reviewed by the Journal show officers trying to open vehicle doors, reaching into vehicles and smashing windows, followed by drivers fleeing.
Footage from the shootings also shows officers approaching civilian vehicles with their engines still running—a situation police are trained to avoid. According to Kerlikowske, such training is designed to keep officers out of harm’s way. Grabbing a car door or breaking a window are considered “intrusive actions” that can escalate the moment and create resistance from a suspect, said University of South Carolina law professor and former Tallahassee Police Department officer Seth Stoughton. Videos reviewed by the Journal show officers trying to open vehicle doors, reaching into vehicles and smashing windows, followed by drivers fleeing.
The footage shows each incident started the same way: with immigration agents blocking the path of a person’s car.

Most law-enforcement organizations reserve boxing in a vehicle for high-risk felony stops, such as when the suspect is armed, according to Geoffrey Alpert, a University of South Carolina professor who trained state and local officers at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, a training operation run by DHS.

If agents box in a target, the vehicles should be bumper to bumper, with no room for the suspect to drive away, essentially disabling the vehicle, said Alpert. 

But in three of the four shootings, agents left room for the vehicle to flee.
The footage shows each incident started the same way: with immigration agents blocking the path of a person’s car. Most law-enforcement organizations reserve boxing in a vehicle for high-risk felony stops, such as when the suspect is armed, according to Geoffrey Alpert, a University of South Carolina professor who trained state and local officers at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, a training operation run by DHS. If agents box in a target, the vehicles should be bumper to bumper, with no room for the suspect to drive away, essentially disabling the vehicle, said Alpert. But in three of the four shootings, agents left room for the vehicle to flee.
Footage verified by the Journal and a video shared on Friday by DHS show Ross moving in front of the vehicle while its engine was running, which former and current DHS agents say they are trained not to do. DHS says he fired “defensive shots” while Good was using her car as a deadly weapon, attempting to hit officers.

The Minneapolis shooting shares characteristics with others the Journal reviewed: Agents box in a vehicle, try to remove an individual, block attempts to flee, then fire.

Over 50,000 traffic stops occur daily in the U.S., making them police’s most common public interaction. Decades of research have produced widely accepted standards for conducting them safely and effectively.
Footage verified by the Journal and a video shared on Friday by DHS show Ross moving in front of the vehicle while its engine was running, which former and current DHS agents say they are trained not to do. DHS says he fired “defensive shots” while Good was using her car as a deadly weapon, attempting to hit officers. The Minneapolis shooting shares characteristics with others the Journal reviewed: Agents box in a vehicle, try to remove an individual, block attempts to flee, then fire. Over 50,000 traffic stops occur daily in the U.S., making them police’s most common public interaction. Decades of research have produced widely accepted standards for conducting them safely and effectively.
In September 2012, Guillermo Arevalo Pedroza, a 36-year-old construction worker, was shot and killed during a picnic with his family on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande. A Border Patrol agent who fired his gun from a patrol boat said he had been pelted with rocks, officials said.

Mexican authorities denounced the shooting as "unacceptable" and said Pedroza was not trying to cross the border.

A month later, Jose Antonio Elena Rodriguez, 16, was shot and killed near Nogales, Mexico, by a Border Patrol agent who fired through a fence. The autopsy report said Rodriguez was shot eight times in the back. The Border Patrol said the agent, whom it did not identify, was hit with rocks when he responded to reports of drug smugglers climbing the border fence.
In September 2012, Guillermo Arevalo Pedroza, a 36-year-old construction worker, was shot and killed during a picnic with his family on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande. A Border Patrol agent who fired his gun from a patrol boat said he had been pelted with rocks, officials said. Mexican authorities denounced the shooting as "unacceptable" and said Pedroza was not trying to cross the border. A month later, Jose Antonio Elena Rodriguez, 16, was shot and killed near Nogales, Mexico, by a Border Patrol agent who fired through a fence. The autopsy report said Rodriguez was shot eight times in the back. The Border Patrol said the agent, whom it did not identify, was hit with rocks when he responded to reports of drug smugglers climbing the border fence.
"It should be recognized that a half-ounce (200-grain) bullet is unlikely to stop a 4,000-pound moving vehicle, and if the driver … is disabled by a bullet, the vehicle will become a totally unguided threat," it says. "Obviously, shooting at a moving vehicle can pose a risk to bystanders including other agents."

The authors recommended training agents "to get out of the way… as opposed to intentionally assuming a position in the path of such vehicles."

They also recommended that the Border Patrol adopt police policies used in most U.S. jurisdictions, which bar officers from firing at a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used "by means other than a moving vehicle."
"It should be recognized that a half-ounce (200-grain) bullet is unlikely to stop a 4,000-pound moving vehicle, and if the driver … is disabled by a bullet, the vehicle will become a totally unguided threat," it says. "Obviously, shooting at a moving vehicle can pose a risk to bystanders including other agents." The authors recommended training agents "to get out of the way… as opposed to intentionally assuming a position in the path of such vehicles." They also recommended that the Border Patrol adopt police policies used in most U.S. jurisdictions, which bar officers from firing at a moving vehicle unless deadly force is being used "by means other than a moving vehicle."
Mexican authorities have complained for years that U.S. border agents who kill Mexicans are rarely disciplined and that the results of investigations are not made public for years. Critics warn that more deaths or abuses are inevitable unless stricter rules are imposed to limit use of lethal force.

"There needs to be a level of accountability if you want to change the culture and the pattern," said Christopher Wilson, an expert on U.S.-Mexico relations at the Woodrow Wilson Center, a think tank in Washington. "People are being killed that don't need to be killed."
Mexican authorities have complained for years that U.S. border agents who kill Mexicans are rarely disciplined and that the results of investigations are not made public for years. Critics warn that more deaths or abuses are inevitable unless stricter rules are imposed to limit use of lethal force. "There needs to be a level of accountability if you want to change the culture and the pattern," said Christopher Wilson, an expert on U.S.-Mexico relations at the Woodrow Wilson Center, a think tank in Washington. "People are being killed that don't need to be killed."