I'm thinking about Hanks' discussion of empty names in 'Propositional Content' (which I highly recommend).
Hanks is committed to acts of referring that are not acts of referring to anything. I find that hard to accept.
I have been thinking about an analogy with marrying. Getting married is an act (type). Necessarily, someone who does it gets married to someone. Saying that Alex got married but denying that they got married to someone is bizarre.