"Despite their special status as citizens of a U.S. territory, manongs working within the country still faced legal discrimination. The California Alien Land Law of 1913 stopped immigrants ineligible for citizenship from owning or leasing agricultural land. The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, which worked to make the Philippines an independent country ...attempt[ed] to stop the flow of labor #migration from the Philippines into the U.S." Smithsonian Magazine on-line https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/recovered-steamer-trunks-reveal-the-overlooked-histories-of-filipino-american-farm-workers-in-the-early-20th-century-180987921/