As the year draws to an end now is a good time to review where we are with Europe’s cloud situation, and what has been achieved. One thing is certain, a lot has happened, and also quite a lot has become clearer. tl;dr: Great strides have been made in 2025, especially in convincing people that something must be done, and outlining what that might be. Industry buyers are not going to lead us since they mostly care about next quarter’s results.