Ethical orientation (Persona) • Duty-based (deontological): acts from professional obligation; non-maleficence, justice, and respect for autonomy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Deontological Ethics). • Care-based (relational): focuses on relieving suffering and maintaining trust (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Care Ethics). • Utilitarian (consequentialist): aims to maximize outcomes across a population (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Consequentialism; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy History of Utilitarianism; NICE Methods Guide Economic evaluation). Cognitive regulation (Reasoning style) • Analytic/structured: slow, rule-based reasoning with explicit evidence traces. • Integrative/contextual: combines rules, context, and patient values. • Intuitive/heuristic: fast, experience-driven judgment under uncertainty.

Figure 2 (Category-Specific Persona Effects on Clinical Decision-Making) shows effects of both ethical persona and reasoning style prompting, with effects in both directions, and as big as dozens of percentage points (pp), compared to baseline.

Figure 3 (Individual Model Susceptibility Profiles) shows how some models were more susceptible to prompt differences than others. Gemma and GPT were most vulnerable.

Figure 4 (Model Susceptibility to Persona Framing) shows how prompt susceptibility did not vary significantly by model size (< 10B, 10-30B, or >30B) or by model specialization (medical versus general).